Czech conjugation

Czech conjugation is the system of conjugation of verbs in the Czech language.
Czech is a null-subject language, i.e. the subject can be omitted if known from context. The person is expressed by the verb:

Infinitive

The infinitive is formed by the ending -t, formerly also -ti; on some words -ct :
Somewhat archaically:

Participles

s are used for forming the past tense, conditionals and the passive voice in Czech. They are related to the short forms of adjectives. Therefore unlike other verb forms, they also express gender which must correspond with the gender of the subject.

Past participle

The past participle is used for forming the past tense and the conditionals.

Passive participle

The passive participle is also called "n/t-participle" and is used for forming the passive voice. There are two types of endings:

Agreement between subject and predicate

The predicate must always be in accordance with the subject in the sentence – in number and person, and with past and passive participles also in gender. This grammatical principle affects the orthography – it is especially important for the correct choice and writing of plural endings of participles.
Examples:

Gender	Sg.	Pl.	English
masculine animate	pes byl koupen	psi byli koupeni	a dog was bought/dogs were bought
masculine inanimate	hrad byl koupen	hrady byly koupeny	a castle was bought/castles were bought
feminine	kočka byla koupena	kočky byly koupeny	a cat was bought/cats were bought
neuter	město bylo koupeno	města byla koupena	a town was bought/towns were bought

The example mentioned shows both past and passive participles. The accordance in gender takes effect in the past tense and the passive voice, not in the present and future tenses in active voice.
If the complex subject is a combination of nouns of different genders, masculine animate gender is prior to others and the masculine inanimate and feminine genders are prior to the neuter gender.
Examples:
Priority of genders:

Transgressives

The transgressive expresses an action which happens coincidentally with or foregoing some other action.
The transgressive is an archaic form of the verb in the Czech and Slovak languages. Nowadays, it is used only occasionally for artistic purposes or in unchanging expressions. Transgressives were still used quite widely in Czech literature in the beginning of the 20th century. For example, Jaroslav Hašek's The Good Soldier Švejk contains a lot of them.
The Czech language recognizes present and past transgressives. The present transgressive can express present or future action according to the aspect of the verb it is derived from. The past transgressive is usually derived from perfective verbs.

	masculine	feminine + neuter	plural
present transgressive	–e –a	–íc –ouc	–íce –ouce
past transgressive	–v –×	–vši –ši	–vše –še

Examples:

Usednuvši u okna, začala plakat. – past transgressive
Děti, vidouce babičku, vyběhly ven. – present transgressive
Aspect

Czech verbs are distinguished by aspect, they are either perfective or imperfective. Perfective verbs indicate the finality of the process. Therefore, they cannot express the present tense.
Perfective verbs are usually formed adding prefixes to imperfective verbs:
Some perfective verbs are not formally related to imperfective ones:

Tenses

Czech verbs express three absolute tenses - past, present and future. Relativity can be expressed by the aspect, sentence constructions and participles.
The present tense can be expressed in imperfective verbs only.

Present tense

The present tense is formed by special endings:

Person	Singular	Plural
1.	-u/-i/-m	-eme/-íme/-áme
2.	-eš/-íš/-áš	-ete/-íte/-áte
3.	-e/-í/-á	-ejí/-ějí/-í/-ou/-ají

Verbs are divided into 5 classes according to the way of forming the present tense. They are described in more detail below.

Past tense

The past tense is formed by the past participle and present forms of the verb být which are omitted in the 3rd person. The following example is for the male gender :

Person	Singular	Plural
1.	dělal jsem	dělali jsme
2.	dělal jsi	dělali jste
3.	dělal	dělali

Dělat - to do
For the choice of past tense form when the number or gender of the subject may not be clear, see.

Future tense

In imperfective verbs, it is formed by the future forms of the verb být and the infinitive:

Person	Singular	Plural
1.	budu dělat	budeme dělat
2.	budeš dělat	budete dělat
3.	bude dělat	budou dělat

Dělat – to do
Budu, budeš,... with infinitive has the same meaning as “ will” in English. If not followed by an infinitive, it means “ will be”.
In some verbs of motion, the future tense is formed by adding the prefix po-/pů- to the present form:
In perfective verbs, the present form expresses the future. Compare:

Tenses in subordinate clauses

There is no sequence of tenses in Czech. The types of clauses like in the indirect speech use tenses that express the time which is spoken about. The tense of the subordinate clause is not shifted to the past even though there is the past tense in the main clause:

Imperative

The imperative mood is formed for the 2nd person singular and plural and the 1st person plural.
In the 2nd person singular, it takes either null ending or -i/-ej ending, according to the verb class.
The 2nd person plural takes the ending -te/-ete/-ejte and the 1st person plural takes -me/-eme/-ejme.
Examples:

Conditionals

The conditionals are formed by the past participle and special forms of the verb být. Following example of the present conditional is for the male gender :

Person	Singular	Plural
1.	dělal bych	dělali bychom
2.	dělal bys	dělali byste
3.	dělal by	dělali by

dělal bych - I would do
There is also the past conditional in Czech but it is usually replaced by the present conditional.

Person	Singular	Plural
1.	byl bych dělal	byli bychom dělali
2.	byl bys dělal	byli byste dělali
3.	byl by dělal	byli by dělali

byl bych dělal - I would have done
By also becomes a part of conjugations aby and kdyby. Therefore, these conjunctions take the same endings:

Passive voice

There are two ways to form the passive voice in Czech:
1. By the verb být and the passive participle:
2. By adding the reflexive pronoun se:
However, the use of se is not exclusive to the passive voice.

Reflexive verbs

s se and si are components of reflexive verbs :

Negation

is formed by the prefix ne-. In the future tense and the passive voice it is added to the auxiliary verb být.
Unlike English, a negative pronoun must be used with a negative verb :

Verb classes

Class I

Infinitive	nést	číst	péct	třít	brát	mazat
English	carry	read	bake	rub	take	lubricate
Present tense	nesu neseš nese neseme nesete nesou	čtu čteš čte čteme čtete čtou	peču pečeš peče pečeme pečete pečou	třu třeš tře třeme třete třou	beru bereš bere bereme berete berou	mažu mažeš maže mažeme mažete mažou
Past participle	nesl	četl	pekl	třel	bral	mazal
Passive participle	nesen	čten	pečen	třen	brán	mazán
Imperative	nes! neste! nesme!	čti! čtěte! čtěme!	peč! pečte! pečme!	tři! třete! třeme!	ber! berte! berme!	maž! mažte! mažme!
Present transgressive	nesa nesouc nesouce	čta čtouc čtouce	peka/peče pekouc/pečíc pekouce/pečíce	tra trouc trouce	bera berouc berouce	maže mažíc mažíce
Past transgressive	nes nesši nesše	čet četši četše	pek pekši pekše	třev třevši třevše	brav bravši bravše	mazav mazavši mazavše

In imperative, 0/-te/-me endings are in most verbs, -i/-ete/-eme or -i/-ěte/-ěme if two consonants are at the end of the word-stem.

Class II

Infinitive	tisknout	minout	začít	hnout
English	print, press	miss	begin	move
Present tense	tisknu tiskneš tiskne tiskneme tisknete tisknou	minu mineš mine mineme minete minou	začnu začneš začne začneme začnete začnou	hnu hneš hne hneme hnete hnou
Past participle	tiskl	minul	začal	hnul
Passive participle	tisknut/tištěn	minut	začnut	hnut
Imperative	tiskni! tiskněte! tiskněme!	miň! miňte! miňme!	začni! začněte! začněme!	hni! hněte! hněme!
Present transgressive	tiskna tisknouc tisknouce	mina minouc minouce
Past transgressive	tisknuv tisknuvši tisknuvše	minuv minuvši minuvše	začav začavši začavše	hnuv hnuvši hnuvše

Class III

Infinitive	krýt	kupovat
English	cover	buy
Present tense	kryji, kryju kryješ kryje kryjeme kryjete kryjí, kryjou	kupuji, kupuju kupuješ kupuje kupujeme kupujete kupují, kupujou
Past participle	kryl	kupoval
Passive participle	kryt	kupován
Imperative	kryj! kryjte! kryjme!	kupuj! kupujte! kupujme!
Present transgressive	kryje kryjíc kryjíce	kupujíce kupujíc kupujíce
Past transgressive	kryv kryvši kryvše	kupovav kupovavši kupovavše

Class IV

Infinitive	prosit	čistit	trpět	sázet	bdít
English	beg	clean	suffer	bet	watch
Present tense	prosím prosíš prosí prosíme prosíte prosí	čistím čistíš čistí čistíme čistíte čistí	trpím trpíš trpí trpíme trpíte trpí	sázím sázíš sází sázíme sázíte sázejí, sází	bdím bdíš bdí bdíme bdíte bdí
Past participle	prosil	čistil	trpěl	sázel	bděl
Passive participle	prošen	čištěn	trpěn	sázen	bděn
Imperative	pros! proste! prosme!	čisti! čistěte! čistěme!	trp! trpte! trpme!	sázej! sázejte! sázejme!	bdi! bděte! bděme!
Present transgressive	prose prosíc prosíce	čistě čistíc čistíce	trpě trpíc trpíce	sázeje sázejíc sázejíce	bdě bdíc bdíce
Past transgressive	prosiv prosivši prosivše	čistiv čistivši čistivše	trpěv trpěvši trpěvše	sázev sázevši sázevše