Genealogy of the Kings of Chūzan
The King of Chūzan of the State of Ryūkyū was a title held by several lineages of Okinawa Island until 1879. It effectively started in 1372 when Satto greeted a Chinese envoy from the newly-established Ming Dynasty although his son Bunei was the first to be officially recognized as the King of Chūzan. However, the official Okinawan narrative traces the line of succession further back to the legendary ruler Shunten, who supposedly ascended to the throne in 1187. Another peculiar feature of the official Okinawan narrative is the notion of the single line of succession, instead of Chinese-style dynastic changes, even though they clearly recognized that several unrelated lineages had taken over the position.
Early forms of the narrative
The earliest known form of the narrative dates to the reign of King Shō Shin of the second Shō clan. A stone monument dated 1522 makes reference to "three lineages of Shunten's, Eiso's and Satto's". His son King Shō Sei expressed the line of succession in a slightly more elaborate form. The Katanohana Inscription reads: "Shō Sei, King of Chūzan of the Great State of Ryūkyū, ascended to the throne as the 21st king since Sonton ". Similarly, another stone monument dated 1597 states that Shō Nei is the 24th king since Sonton . The numbers of kings mentioned in these monuments agree with those of the official history books compiled much later although it is not clear whether the individual members were fixed at this stage.Historian Dana Masayuki relates the notion of the line of succession to Buddhist temples where ancestral tablets of the deceased kings were stored. According to the Chūzan Seifu, Manju-ji stored the ancestral tablets of Satto, Bunei, Shishō and Shō Hashi, while the tablets of Shō Taikyū and Shō Toku were at Tenkai-ji. Shō En, the founder of the second Shō clan, established Tennō-ji and designated it as the family mausoleum. It is not certain which temples were dedicated to the missing kings from the first Shō clan, Shō Chū, Shō Shitatsu, and Shō Kinpuku. Nevertheless, each king performed "ancestral" worship for deceased kings from different lineages in the presence of a Chinese envoy, presumably because they deceived the Chinese into thinking that the throne was normally succeeded from the father to the son.
According to the Ryūkyū-koku yuraiki, Ryūfuku-ji in Urasoe, in addition to the above-mentioned temples, served as the royal mausoleum. This temple stored inkstone tablets representing the deceased kings from Shunten to Shō Hashi. According to the Chūzan Seifu, Ryūfuku-ji was originally founded by Eiso under the name of Gokuraku-ji and was re-established by Shō En. Dana Masayuki surmises that Gokuraku-ji used to serve not only as the family mausoleum of Eiso's lineage but as the state mausoleum tracing the royal line back to Shunten. The apparent conflict between Manju-ji and Gokuraku-ji is resolved if Manju-ji is seen as a representation of the state in relation to China while Gokuraku-ji was the manifestation of Okinawa's own narrative.
Shō Shin established Enkaku-ji and transferred the function of the family mausoleum from Tennō-ji to Enkaku-ji. Shō Shin founded another temple named Sōgen-ji and decided to use it as the state mausoleum while the function of Enkaku-ji was clarified as the mausoleum of the second Shō clan. He moved all ancestral tablets, starting from Shunten, to Sōgen-ji and thereby visualized the single line of succession based on Okinawa's own narrative.
Minamoto no Tametomo as the father of Shunten
, the uncle of the Kamakura shogunate's founder Minamoto no Yoritomo, has been consistently treated as the father of Shunten since the earliest official history book, the Chūzan Seikan. The earliest known association of Tametomo with Ryūkyū can be found in a letter written by a Zen monk in Kyoto named Gesshū Jukei with a request by Kakuō Chisen, another Zen monk serving to Ryūkyū's Tennō-ji. According to a tale which Gesshū attributed to Kakuō, Tametomo moved to Ryūkyū, used demons as servants, and became the founder of the state, which the Minamoto clan had ruled since then. The reference to demons may reflect the centuries-old Japanese Buddhist perception of Ryūkyū as the land of man-eating demons. Although at this stage, Tametomo was not explicitly associated with Shunten, the tale apparently circulated in the network of Zen Buddhists connecting Kyoto to Okinawa. A similar tale was recorded in the Ryūkyū Shintō-ki by Jōdo-shū monk Taichū, who visited Ryūkyū from 1603 to 1606. This indicates that by that time, the tale of Tametomo had been known to non-Zen Buddhists. In light of these, the apparent innovation of the Chūzan Seikan was the explicit association of Tametomo with Shunten.The tale of Tametomo had a profound impact on Ryūkyū's self-perception. In 1691, for example, the king ordered all the male members of the lineage to use the kanji Chō as the first of their two-character given names, presumably to indicate an affinity to Minamoto no Tametomo.
Association of the foundation myth with the royal line
Another innovation of the Chūzan Seikan was the association of the foundation myth with the royal line. The foundation myth concerning the goddess Amamikyu itself was recorded in the Ryūkyū Shintō-ki. However, the Chūzan Seikan was the first to make reference to the Tenson lineage, who supposedly descended from the goddess.Without showing a clear genealogy, the official history books connect the Tenson lineage remotely to Eiso's lineage. Eiso's mother dreamed that the sun intruded into her bosom, giving a miraculous birth to Eiso, but Eiso's foster father was said to have descended from the Tenson lineage. Similarly, Satto was said to have been mothered by a swan maiden. Shō En was believed to have descended from Gihon of Shunten's lineage, or some other king. It is not clear why the Chūzan Seikan did not provided a special link to the first Shō clan.
Official narrative
Tenson lineage
The founder of the Tenson lineage was a descendant of Amamikyu. The 25 generations of the Tenson lineage ruled the land for 17,802 years, but their names are unknown.Shunten's lineage
In 1186, the 25th ruler's throne was usurped by Riyū. Minamoto no Tametomo's son Shunten overthrew Riyū the next year, becoming the king.| Name | Kanji | Divine name | Reign | Age at death |
| Shunten | 舜天 | Sonton 尊敦 | 1187–1237 | 71 |
| Shunbajunki | 舜馬順煕 | Kiyaku 其益 or Sonomasumi 其益美 | 1238–1248 | 63 |
| Gihon | 義本 | Unknown | 1249–1259 | ? |
Eiso's lineage
In 1259, Gihon, who was the last king from Shunten's lineage, abdicated his throne. Fathered by the sun, Eiso succeeded him. During the reign of Tamagusuku, the state was divided into three polities. The King of Nanzan and the King of Hokuzan came to compete with the King of Chūzan.| Name | Kanji | Divine name | Reign | Age at death |
| Eiso | 英祖 | Wezo-no-tedako 英祖日子 | 1260–1299 | 70 |
| Taisei | 大成 | Unknown | 1300–1308 | 9 or 61 |
| Eiji | 英慈 | Unknown | 1309–1313 | 45 |
| Tamagusuku | 玉城 | Unknown | 1314–1336 | 40 |
| Seii | 西威 | Unknown | 1337–1354 | 21 |
Satto's lineage
Satto, the son of a peasant and a swan maiden, replaced Seii as the King of Chūzan. Satto started a tributary relation to the Ming emperor.| Name | Kanji | Divine name | Reign | Age at death |
| Satto | 察度 | Oho-mamono 大真物 | 1355–1397 | 74 |
| Bunei | 武寧 | Naga-no-mamono 中之真物 | 1398–1406 | 50 |
First Shō clan
, the virtual founder of the first Shō clan, overthrew Bunei in 1406. He installed his father Shō Shishō as the nominal King of Chūzan. Shō Hashi annihilated the King of Hokuzan in 1416. In 1421, after the death of his father, Shō Hashi became the King of Chūzan. He overthrew the King of Nanzan until 1429, unifying the island. The surname Shō was given by the Ming emperor.| Name | Kanji | Divine name | Reign | Age at death |
| Shō Shishō | 尚思紹 | Kimishi-mamono 君志真物 | 1407–1421 | 67 |
| Shō Hashi | 尚巴志 | Sejitaka-mamono 勢治高真物 | 1422–1439 | 67 |
| Shō Chū | 尚忠 | Unknown | 1440–1442 | 54 |
| Shō Shitatsu | 尚思達 | Kimiteda 君日 | 1443–1449 | 41 |
| Shō Kinpuku | 尚金福 | Kimishi 君志 | 1450–1453 | 55 |
| Shō Taikyū | 尚泰久 | Nanojiyomoi 那之志与茂伊 also called Oho-yononushi 大世主 | 1454–1460 | 45 |
| Shō Toku | 尚徳 | Hachiman-no-aji 八幡之按司 also called Setaka-ō 世高王 | 1461–1469 | 29 |
Second Shō clan
In 1469, Shō Toku, the last king from the first Shō clan, was killed in a coup d'état. Courtiers elected Shō En as king, and he became the founder of the second Shō clan. The kingdom was at its peak during the reign of his son, Shō Shin. In 1609, Satsuma Domain conqured the Ryukyu Kingdom. From then on, Ryūkyū was a vassal state of Satsuma Domain while the king was ordered to keep its tributary relation with China. The kingdom became a domain of Japan in 1872. In 1879, Japan replaced Ryūkyū Domain with Okinawa Prefecture, formally annexing the islands. King Shō Tai was dethroned and later given the title of marquis.| Name | Kanji | Divine name | Warabi-naa | Nanui | Reign | Age at death |
| Shō En | 尚円 | Kanamaru-aji-sohesuwetsugiwaunise 金丸按司添末続王仁子 | Umitukugani 思徳金 | - | 1470–1476 | 61 |
| Shō Sen'i | 尚宣威 | Nishi no yononushi 西之世主 | ? | - | 1477 | 48 |
| Shō Shin | 尚真 | Ogiyakamowi 於義也嘉茂慧 | Makatotarugani 真加戸樽金 | - | 1477–1526 | 61 |
| Shō Sei | 尚清 | Tenitsugi-no-ajisohe 天続之按司添 | Manikiyotarugani 真仁堯樽金 | - | 1527–1555 | 59 |
| Shō Gen | 尚元 | Tedahajime-ajisohe 日始按司添 | Kanichiyo 金千代 | - | 1556–1572 | 44 |
| Shō Ei | 尚永 | Wezoniyasuhe-ajisohe 英祖仁耶添按司添 also called Tedahokori-ō 日豊操王 or Tedayomutori-ō 日豊操王 | ? | - | 1573–1586 | 30 |
| Shō Nei | 尚寧 | Tedagasuhe-ajisohe 日賀末按司添 | Umitukugani 思徳金 | - | 1587–1620 | 56 |
| Shō Hō | 尚豊 | Tenigiyasuhe-ajisohe 天喜也末按司添 | Umigurugani 思五郎金 | Chōshō 朝昌 | 1621–1640 | 50 |
| Shō Ken | 尚賢 | - | Umimatsugani 思松金 | ? | 1641–1647 | 23 |
| Shō Shitsu | 尚質 | - | Umitukugani 思徳金 | ? | 1648–1668 | 39 |
| Shō Tei | 尚貞 | - | Umigurugani 思五郎金 | Chōshū 朝周 | 1669–1709 | 64 |
| Shō Eki | 尚益 | - | Umigurugani 思五郎金 | ? | 1710–1712 | 34 |
| Shō Kei | 尚敬 | - | Umitukugani 思徳金 | Chōshi 朝糸 | 1713–1751 | 52 |
| Shō Boku | 尚穆 | - | Umigurugani 思五郎金 | Chōkō 朝康 | 1752–1795 | 55 |
| Shō On | 尚温 | - | Umigurugani 思五郎金 | Chōkoku 朝克 | 1796–1802 | 18 |
| Shō Sei | 尚成 | - | Umitukugani 思徳金 | - | 1803 | 3 |
| Shō Kō | 尚灝 | - | Umijirugani 思次良金 | Chōshō 朝相 | 1804–1828 | 47 |
| Shō Iku | 尚育 | - | Umitukugani 思徳金 | Chōken 朝現 | 1829–1847 | 34 |
| Shō Tai | 尚泰 | - | Umijirugani 思次良金 | Chōken 朝憲 | 1848–1879 | 58 |