Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis is a form of endocarditis in which small sterile vegetations are deposited on the valve leaflets. Formerly known as marantic endocarditis, which comes from the Greek, meaning "wasting away". The term "marantic endocarditis" is still sometimes used to emphasize the association with a wasting state such as cancer.

Risk factors

Marantic vegetations are often associated with previous rheumatic fever. Other risk factors include:

hypercoagulable states
malignant cancers, especially mucin-producing adenocarcinomas
systemic lupus erythematosus: Referred to as Libman-Sacks endocarditis
trauma
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Valve predilection

The disease affects the valves with following predilection: mitral valve > aortic valve > tricuspid valve > pulmonary valve

Histopathology

Grossly, vegetations form along lines of valve closure and are generally symmetric with a smooth or verrucoid texture. Histologically, lesions are composed of fibrin and platelets but, unlike bacterial etiologies, contain little evidence of PMNs, microorganisms or inflammation.

Diagnosis

Due to the non-invasive nature of NBTE, clinical examination may or may not reveal a new murmur. An embolic stroke may be the first feature to suggest diagnosis of NBTE. An echocardiogram is essential for visualization of the mass.