March 1943


The following events occurred in March 1943:

March 1, 1943 (Monday)

  • The U.S. Office of Price Administration implemented rationing of canned goods, which had been barred from retail sale since February 20. Under the new rules, American consumers would be allowed 48 ration points worth, per person, per month of canned and bottled fruits, vegetables, soups, baby food and dehydrated fruit, while canned meats and fish remained unavailable. On the average, the affected canned goods would count for 12 points apiece.
  • In the heaviest single air raid on the Nazi German capital, Royal Air Force and U.S. Army Air Force bombers struck Berlin in a 30-minute raid. German radio conceded that at least 89 people were killed and 213 injured. By the end of the week, the radio reported 486 dead and 377 seriously injured.
  • The Koriukivka massacre took place in the Ukrainian SSR when the 6,700 residents of the city of Koriukivka, became victims of the German SS. After burning down the buildings in town, the SS troopers killed the survivors.
  • Risto Ryti was inaugurated for a second term as President of Finland, and urged citizens to keep fighting for the Axis powers.
  • Operation Buffalo began, German forces of Army Group Centre conducted a series of local retreats on the Eastern Front. This movement eliminated the Rzhev Salient and shortened the front line by 230 miles, releasing 21 divisions.
  • The Nazi collaborationist Belarusian Central Council was established.
  • Born: Richard H. Price, American physicist; in New York City

March 2, 1943 (Tuesday)

  • The Battle of the Bismarck Sea began. U.S. and Australian forces sank a convoy of Japanese ships, taking out all 8 troop transports and 4 escorting destroyers. Nearly 2,900 Japanese servicemen were killed over three days. The convoy had been discovered serendipitously the day before when Lt. Walter Higgins of the U.S. Army descended to a lower altitude while flying over the Pacific in a Liberator bomber.
  • In a single day, 1,500 Jewish men, women and children were deported from Berlin after the citywide roundup three days earlier, and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp; 1,350 of them were executed upon their arrival at Auschwitz.
  • The drama film The Human Comedy starring Mickey Rooney was released.
  • Born:
  • *Peter Straub, American author, in Milwaukee
  • *Elaine Brown, African-American activist, leader of Black Panther Party; in Philadelphia
  • *Tony Meehan, British drummer ; in Hampstead

March 3, 1943 (Wednesday)

  • A panic during an air raid killed 62 children and 110 adults in London who were trying to enter an air-raid shelter at the underground station at Bethnal Green, and another 90 were injured. Survivors reported that the stampede was triggered when a woman tripped and fell while descending the stairs, and an elderly man fell over her body, and then 300 more people were caught in the crush. The woman who tripped was rescued, but the baby she had been carrying suffocated. The trigger for the fleeing of residents to the station had been the noise from the launching of British defensive weapons, a salvo of anti-aircraft rockets from Victoria Park.
  • The German minelayer Doggerbank was torpedoed and sunk by the, whose captain mistakenly believed that he was firing at an enemy ship. Captain Hans Joachim Schwantke then ordered U-43 to depart, under orders not to rescue the survivors because of the Laconia incident. Only one of the 365 people on board, Fritz Kuert, survived. Kuert, who had been able to escape safely from three other sinkings of ships, endured for 26 days with almost no food or water, was rescued on March 29 by the Spanish ship Campamor.
  • Mohandas K. Gandhi ended his fast after 21 days, drinking a glass of orange juice brought to him in prison by his wife, Kasturba.
  • "Why Have I Taken Up the Struggle Against Bolshevism", an open letter by Andrey Vlasov, was published in the newspaper Zarya.
  • The Josef von Báky-directed fantasy comedy film Münchhausen premiered in Germany.
  • Died: Edward FitzRoy, 73, British Conservative politician and Speaker of the House from 1928 until his death

March 4, 1943 (Thursday)

March 5, 1943 (Friday)

March 6, 1943 (Saturday)

March 7, 1943 (Sunday)

March 8, 1943 (Monday)

March 9, 1943 (Tuesday)

March 10, 1943 (Wednesday)

  • The Soviet Union established "Laboratory No. 2", the secret atomic energy research facility, with Igor Kurchatov as the lab's "chief".
  • Banco Bradesco, at one time the largest bank in Brazil, was founded by Amador Aguiar in the city of Marília.
  • Germany announced new rationing of nonessential goods, prohibiting the manufacture of suits, costumes, bath salts, and firecrackers, and restricting telephone use and photography.
  • The German submarine U-633 was rammed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by the British freighter Scorton.
  • The comedy film It Ain't Hay starring Abbott and Costello was released.
  • Died: Tully Marshall, 78, American character actor of stage and film

March 11, 1943 (Thursday)

  • The Lend-Lease program of aid to the Allies was extended by the United States for another year after President Roosevelt signed legislation into law. Earlier in the day, the U.S. Senate voted 82–0 in favor of the resolution, and the day before, the House had approved it 407–6.
  • Inventor John C. Donnelly received acknowledgment for his development of dehydrated foods.
  • The entire Jewish population of the Yugoslavian cities of Skopje, Štip and Bitola— all three now part of the Republic of Macedonia— was deported to German's Treblinka II death camp by the German SS with the assistance of Bulgarian soldiers, with 7,240 being shipped out. The day before, the Jewish community in Bitola had been warned by the local Communist Party about the impending raid, though only a few were able to escape.
  • The British destroyer HMS Harvester was sunk by the U-432, a German submarine. U-432 was then rammed and sunk by a French ship, the corvette Aconit, which rescued the few survivors of the Harvester. The day before, the Harvester had sunk another German sub, the U-444. There were 41 men lost on U-444, 26 on U-432, and 145 on the Harvester.

March 12, 1943 (Friday)

March 13, 1943 (Saturday)

  • In a plot called Operation Flash, German officer Henning von Tresckow attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler by arranging for an unwitting officer to carry a bomb-laden parcel aboard Adolf Hitler's plane. The pretext was that the package contained a gift of liquor. All went according to plan and Hitler's plane took off from Smolensk with the parcel aboard, bound for Rastenburg, but the bomb failed to explode due to a faulty detonator.
  • The Canadian Pacific Ocean liner RMS Empress of Canada, converted to war use, was torpedoed and sunk by the Italian submarine, 400 miles off of the coast of Africa. The ship had been carrying 1,800 people, including Italian servicemen who had been captured as prisoners of war. While 1,400 people survived, 392 were killed, half of them Italian POWs.
  • Finland signed a trade agreement with Germany and its Nazi government at Helsinki, with the Nazis providing food to the Finns in what was described by the Axis press as the "traditional Finnish-German spirit of friendship and comradeship in arms".
  • The German submarine U-163 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by the Canadian corvette Prescott.
  • The final liquidation of the Kraków Ghetto was completed as German forces removed the last of the 10,000 Jews remaining in the Polish city.
  • Born: André Téchiné, French film director; in Valence, Tarn-et-Garonne
  • Died:
  • *J. P. Morgan Jr., 75, multimillionaire financier and president of J.P. Morgan & Co., Inc.
  • *Stephen Vincent Benét, 44, American poet and writer

March 14, 1943 (Sunday)

  • The British submarine HMS Thunderbolt was sunk off Sicily by the Italian corvette Cicogna, killing all on board. On June 1, 1939, as the Thetis, the submarine had been lost during sea trials with all 99 people on board, before being salvaged and relaunched as the Thunderbolt.

March 15, 1943 (Monday)

March 16, 1943 (Tuesday)

  • Joseph Stalin sent a letter to President Roosevelt urging that a second front be opened in Europe. Stalin wrote, "The Soviet troops have fought strenuously all winter and are continuing to do so, while Hitler is taking important measures to rehabilitate and reinforce his Army for the spring and summer operations against the USSR; it is therefore particularly essential for us that the blow from the West no longer be delayed, that it be delivered this spring or early summer."
  • In the largest North Atlantic U-boat "wolfpack" attack of the war against Allied shipping, 22 merchant ships from Convoy HX 229 and Convoy SC 122 were sunk. One German U-boat was lost in the battle.

March 17, 1943 (Wednesday)

March 18, 1943 (Thursday)

  • German forces eliminated the last pockets of Soviet resistance in Kharkov, thereby completing the reconquest of this Ukrainian SSR city that had been briefly retaken by the Soviet Red Army.
  • The pro-Vichy administration in French Guiana was overthrown by a pro-Allied committee.
  • Deportation of Jews began from Thrace, which had been added to the Kingdom of Bulgaria after being conquered by German and Bulgarian soldiers, with the first convoy passing through Bulgaria on the way to the Treblinka extermination camp in Poland.
  • Fritz Kuhn, the German born leader of the American Nazi movement, was revoked of his United States citizenship by the U.S. District Court in New York City. Kuhn, who had once led the German American Bund, had been incarcerated at the Clinton Prison at Dannemora, New York, after having been convicted of embezzling the Bund's treasury.
  • German police arrested the alleged serial killer Bruno Lüdke.
  • The drama film Keeper of the Flame starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn, was released.
  • Born: Kevin Dobson, American TV actor; in Queens, New York City

March 19, 1943 (Friday)

March 20, 1943 (Saturday)

  • The Japanese Navy ordered its submarine forces to leave no survivors on the sinking of any merchant vessels, with the text "Do not stop at the sinking of enemy ships and cargoes. At the same time, carry out the complete destruction of the crews of the enemy's ships."
  • The first of 19 transports of 46,000 Greek Jews to Nazi death camps began, as a train left Salonika for the Auschwitz extermination camp. By August 18, the removal of the Jews would be complete.
  • Born: Gerard Malanga, American poet and photographer; in the Bronx
  • Died: R. Dudley Pope, American inventor who had perfected the parachute for the U.S. armed forces. Pope had been testing his design for a parachute that would open automatically at 2,000 feet, and had leaped from an altitude of near Seattle. Pope's invention, and a backup parachute, both failed to open.

March 21, 1943 (Sunday)

  • The second attempt on Hitler's life in the space of eight days was made, this time by Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, who had been given the opportunity to escort Hitler through an exhibition of captured Soviet war equipment at the Zeughaus in Berlin. Gersdorff, who had expected Hitler to spend at least thirty minutes by his side at the Zeughaus, set a ten-minute fuse on a time bomb and made plans to kill himself and Hitler in a suicide bombing. Instead, Hitler rushed through the viewing and left after two minutes; Gersdorff bid his goodbyes, then went into a restroom and defused the explosive.
  • The Soviet submarine K-3 was depth charged and sunk off Båtsfjord, Norway by German submarine chasers.
  • Born:
  • *Vivian Stanshall, English comedian, writer, artist, broadcaster, and musician; as Victor Stanshall in Oxford
  • *István Gyulai, Hungarian athlete and General Secretary of the International Amateur Athletics Federation from 1991 to 2006; in Budapest

March 22, 1943 (Monday)

March 23, 1943 (Tuesday)

March 24, 1943 (Wednesday)

March 25, 1943 (Thursday)

March 26, 1943 (Friday)

  • The Battle of the Komandorski Islands began in the Aleutian Islands, when United States Navy forces intercepted a convoy of Japanese transports and ships attempting to bring troops to Kiska. The American force of two cruisers and four destroyers was commanded by Rear Admiral Charles H. McMorris, while the Japanese convoy of five destroyers and four cruisers was led by Admiral Boshiro Hosogaya. The two sides fired shells at each other across a distance of no more than eight miles, without the use of submarines or airplanes, in what historian Samuel Eliot Morison described as "a naval battle that has no parallel in the Pacific War". Although no ships were sunk in the four-hour battle, Admiral Hosogaya ordered his fleet to turn back and "no further Japanese convoys were to reach the Aleutians".
  • A committee, chaired by U.S. Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles, submitted a proposed charter for a "world security association" to be set up by the world's nations after the end of World War II. The proposal resembled the United Nations Organization that would be created in 1945, with a "General Conference" of all nations, an Executive Committee consisting of the U.S., the U.K., the U.S.S.R. and China, and a middle tier of the four Committee powers and seven other nations representing different regions of the world. The UNO would combine the two committees into one Security Council, with five permanent members given a veto power, and ten non-voting members drawn on a rotating basis from the other members.
  • Born: Bob Woodward, American investigative reporter for the Washington Post known, with Carl Bernstein, for linking government officials to the Watergate scandal; in Geneva, Illinois

March 27, 1943 (Saturday)

  • The British escort carrier Dasher was destroyed by an accidental explosion in the Firth of Clyde, killing 379 of the crew of 528. An investigation concluded that the cause had been "a carelessly dropped cigarette" that had ignited fuel from a leaking valve on the ship's tanks.
  • The U.S. Department of War released the news of a successful new weapon for the U.S. Army, the bazooka. In a statement, the War Department said that "It is revolutionary in design. It can be carted about in a jeep or a peep, or carried by two men at a dog trot. It hurls a high explosive projectile... It will shatter cast steel and such material as bridge girders and railroad rails and perform other seeming miracles. Before long, the 'bazooka' will be heard from on all fronts." The weapon had secretly been demonstrated to news reporters in December, on condition that it could not be written about at the time.
  • In the heaviest air raid on the German capital up to that time, 1,000 tons of bombs were dropped on Berlin by Britain's Royal Air Force in three waves of 100 bombers each.
  • The German submarine U-169 was depth charged and sunk in the North Atlantic by a B-17 of No. 206 Squadron RAF.

March 28, 1943 (Sunday)

  • At Naples, the munitions ship Caterina Costa exploded in the harbor of the Italian city. Initial reports were that 72 people were killed and 1,179 injured, while later sources set the death toll at 600 or more. The fire on the ship had burned for hours, but no action was taken on fighting the blaze or towing the ship away from the harbor, because government approval could not be obtained to take action.
  • The German submarine U-77 was sunk off Calp, Spain by two British Lockheed Hudson aircraft.
  • Died:
  • *Sergei Rachmaninoff, 70, Russian classical composer and U.S. citizen, died of cancer
  • *Ben Davies, 85, Welsh opera tenor
  • *Sundara Sastri Satyamurti, 55, Indian independence activist

March 29, 1943 (Monday)

March 30, 1943 (Tuesday)

March 31, 1943 (Wednesday)

  • Oklahoma!, the musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, opened on Broadway. Ten years later, Oklahoma! would be described as "a new musical that broke all the rules: it had no big-name stars, no bare-legged chorus and, worst of all, it contained a 'high-brow' ballet.". The show went on to become Broadway's longest-running musical up to that time, closing in 1948.
  • In North Africa, Axis forces withdrew from Cap Serrat while 5th Corps of the 1st British Army captured El Aouana.
  • Born: Christopher Walken, American actor; in Queens, New York City
  • Died: Pavel Milyukov, 84, Russian politician and journalist