Pilosella caespitosa Pilosella caespitosa is like several other Pilosella species and has a similar appearance to many of the hawkweeds .Description Pilosella caespitosa is a creeping perennial , with shallow , fibrous roots and long rhizomes. The leaves, hairy on both sides , are up to 6 inches long, spathulate , and almost exclusively :wiktionary:Basal#Adjective|basal with the exception of 1 or 2 very small :wiktionary:cauline|cauline leaves. The leaves lie flat to the ground , overlap, and will smother non-vigorous :wiktionary:turf#Noun|turf. The stems are bristly and usually leafless, although occasionally a small leaf appears near the midpoint.Stems , leaves, and bracts have dense, blackish hairs and exude milky juice when broken. The 1/2 inch flower heads appear in tight :wiktionary:cluster#Noun|clusters at the top of the 1 to 3 foot stems with 5 to 40 flowers per cluster. :wiktionary:corolla#Noun|Corollas are all :wiktionary:ligule|ligulate and bright yellow . Each single flower head is an inflorescence and each petal forms its own seed , making them each a separate flower or :wiktionary:floret|floret. The seeds are shiny, black , and plumed . After maturing they are dispersed by wind , clothing , hair , feathers , and some vehicles that disturb fields or soils. P. caespitosa persists and regrows each year from rhizomes and often spreads by stolons , which can be extensive, creating a dense mat of hawkweed plants that practically eliminates other vegetation.P. caespitosa prefers silt loam , well-drained soil: coarse textures, moderately low in organic matter , and moist. Its presence can be an indicator of low soil fertility or slightly acidic soils.P. caespitosa has, in the past , been used for healing eyesight. Pliny the Elder had recorded information regarding how other species, specifically hawks, utilized P. caespitosa , specifically believing that they would eat it in an effort to improve eyesight.Habitat and distribution Tolerant of drought and :wiktionary:trample|trampling, this species finds its habitat where the soil has been neglected. Places like :wiktionary:roadsides|roadsides, neglected residential and commercial landscapes, minimally maintained public parks and open spaces , vacant lots, :wiktionary:rubble|rubble dump sites , and abandoned grasslands.P. caespitosa is an introduced species in North America and can be found in Canada and the United States. It is considered a noxious weed in Idaho , Montana , Oregon and Washington .P. caespitosa 's native range includes a large portion of Europe , including Austria , Belarus , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Estonia , France , Finland , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Norway , Poland , Romania , Sweden , Switzerland , Ukraine , and Former Yugoslavia .
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