Poleta Formation


The Poleta Formation is a geological unit known for the exceptional fossil preservation in the Indian Springs Lagerstätte, located in eastern California and Nevada.

Occurrence

The formation dates to the Stage 3 of the yet-to-be-ratified Cambrian Series 2; the lower portion base of the formation and the youngest Lagerstätte beds date to the Nevadella trilobite zone, with higher beds dating to the Olenellus trilobite zone, making the formation the same age as the Sirius Passet and just younger than the Chengjiang. It outcrops in Esmeralda County in western Nevada.

Geology

The Poleta Formation is mainly composed of limestone rocks within its lower and upper sections, with its middle section containing siltstone, quartzite, and some limestone.

Members

The formation contains three members, which are as follows, in ascending age:
  • Lower Member: This member is the thickest of the three, getting up to thick. It is primarily composed of medium to light-gray oolitic limestone, containing an abundance of archeocyathid reefs. The limestone mostly well-bedded, although it is occasionally thin to very thin-bedded. There is also a single inter-stratified layer of greenish-gray or olive-gray siltstone, getting up to thick.
  • Middle Member: This member in some areas gets up to thick. It is dominated by siltstones, limestones, and sandstones or quartzites. The siltstone layers are made up of grayish-olive, pale-olive, and locally pale-yellowish-brown or light-brown siltstone, shale, and phylitic silstone, which are composed of subangular silt-sized grains of quartz, embedded in a fine-textured matrix of muscovite or mica clay, and chlorite. The limestone layers are composed of medium-gray to grayish-orange or mottled-gray to light-brown aphanitic to medium crystalline limestone, which is inter-stratified with occasional siltstone. The sandstone or quartzite layers are primarily pale-brown, light-brown and very-pale-orange, very fine to fine grained and commonly evenly laminated. In some areas, these layers can grade into a coarse siltstone. They also contain quartz and feldspars.
  • Upper Member: This member is the thinnest, only getting up to thick. It is mostly composed of medium-gray limestone, which is very thin to thin-bedded. It also contains a few archaeocyathid fossils.

Depositional setting

The formation was deposited on an offshore shelf between the wave base and storm base, and experienced storm-related pulses of siliciclastic sediment input. Like many other Burgess Shale-type preservation|type] Lagerstätten, this unit was deposited on the Cordilleran margin of the Laurentian continent; it is among the oldest of the Lagerstätten from this region.

Taphonomy

The modes of preservation of the non-biomineralised material found within the Indian Springs Lagerstätte has been noted to be either clay-mineral replacement, and pyrite or iron oxide staining. This is similar to the modes of preservation seen in the Chengjiang Lagerstätte. The Lagerstätte is also an example of a obrution-type deposition, which is a rapid burial of organisms, with some helicoplacoids being buried alive, still in their upright position. This form of deposition will have also obscured the buried specimens from scavengers.

Paleobiota

Most of the fauna is biomineralized, including brachiopods, hyolithids, trilobites, archeocyathids from the Gold Point Reef locality, and helicoplacoids, which are often articulated. Non-mineralized components of these fossils are also preserved, as are sponges, anomalocaridid parts, and a range of algae and cyanobacteria.
Trace fossils, mainly Planolites, are also common; ichnofossils generally lie on the bedding plane and very few penetrate more than into the sediment. The biota of this formation has been noted to be similar to the Utah Lagerstätten, more so to the Spence Shale.

Arthropoda

GenusSpeciesNotesImages
MesonacisM. fremontiOlenellid trilobite, originally described as Fremonita.
LaudoniaLaudonia sp.Olenellid trilobite.
OlenellusO. clarkiOlenellid trilobite.
ElliptocephalaE. praenuntiusOlenellid trilobite.
TeresellusTeresellus sp.T. goldfieldensisOlenellid rilobite.
NevadellaN. eucharisNevadid trilobite.
NevadiaN. parvoconicaNevadid trilobite.
Judomia Judomia sp.Nevadid trilobite.
HolmiellaH. falxHolmiid trilobite.
HolmiaHolmia sp.Holmiid trilobite.
PalmettaspisP. consortaP. lidensisHolmiid trilobite.
GrandinasusGrandinasus sp.G. argentusG. auricampusHolmiid trilobite.
Holmidd
  • ???
Undetermined holmiid trilobite.
Keeleaspis K. terhaariCorynexochid trilobite.
PolliaxisP. hanseniCorynexochid trilobite.
GeraldinellaGeraldinella sp.Fallotaspidoid trilobite.
Anomalocarididae
  • ???
  • Anomalocaridid sclerites and fragments.

    Lophotrochozoa

    GenusSpeciesNotesImages
    MicrocornusMicrocornus sp.Lophotrochozoan hyolith.
    Hyolithellus Hyolithellus sp.Lophotrochozoan hyolith.
    ObolellaObolellasp.Obelellid brachiopod.
    KutorginaK. perugataKutorginid brachiopod.
    LingulellaLingulella spp.Obolid brachiopod.
    SpinulotheleS. dubiaAcrotheloid brachiopod.
    Pompeckium P. argenteum Eoorthid brachiopod.
    MickwitziaM. occidensMickwitziid brachiopod.
    SwantoniaS. weeksiBrachiopod of uncertain affinities.
    Lingulid
    • ???
    Lingulid brachiopod.
    Obollelid
  • ???
  • Obollelid brachiopod, muscle scars preserved.
    HyolithesH. princepsLophotrochozoan hyolith.
    HyolithellusHyolithellus sp.H. insolitusLophotrochozoan hyolith.
    Hyolithid
  • ???
  • Lophotrochozoan hyolithids, too poorly preserved for taxonomic placement.
    Orthothecida
  • ???
  • Orthothecid hyoliths, too poorly preserved for taxonomic placement.
    Lapworthella Lapworthella sp.Lophotrochozoan tommotid.

    Chancelloriidae

    GenusSpeciesNotesImages
    AlloniaAllonia sp.Chancelloriid organism.
    ChancelloriaChancelloria sp.Chancelloriid organism.
    Chancelloriid
    • ???
    Chancelloriid spicules.

    Cnidaria

    GenusSpeciesNotesImages
    PaiutitubulitesP. variabilisP. durhamiAnthozoan cnidarian.
    CambrotubulitesCambrotubulites sp.C. triseptaAnthozoan cnidarian.
    SphenothallusSphenothallus sp.Cnidarian conulariid.
    Genus A
    • Genus A sp.
    Anthozoan cnidarian, similar interior to Cambrotubulites and Paiutitubulites, though differs in having five septa.

    Porifera (Sponges)

    GenusSpeciesNotesImages
    ArchaeocyathusA. arborensisArcheocyathid sponge.
    ClaruscoscinusClaruscoscinus sp.Archeocyathid sponge.
    ProtopharetraP. junensisArcheocyathid sponge.
    GatagacyathusGatagacyathus sp.Archeocyathid sponge.
    EthmophyllumE. whitneyiArcheocyathid sponge.
    WilliamicyathusW. colvillensisArcheocyathid sponge.
    RobustocyathellusRobustocyathellus sp.Archeocyathid sponge.
    ParanacyathusParanacyathus sp.Archeocyathid sponge.
    ProtopharetraProtopharetra sp.Archeocyathid sponge.
    Metacyathellus Metacyathellus sp.Archeocyathid sponge.
    Cordilleracyathus Cordilleracyathus sp.Archeocyathid sponge.
    Wapkia Wapkia sp.Wapkiid demosponge.

    Echniodermata

    GenusSpeciesNotesImages
    HelicoplacusHelicoplacus sp.H. gilbertiOblong echinoderm.
    EocystitesEocystites sp.Echinoderm.

    Foraminifera

    GenusSpeciesNotesImages
    Platysolenites
    • P. antiquissimus
    Agglutinated hyperamminid foraminiferan.
    Problematicum A
  • ???
  • Platysolenites-like tubular test, may be a taphonomic variant of Platysolenites. Also shows a resemblance to Spirosolenites spiralis, Although it differs to much in other ways when compared to Platysolenites and Spirosolenites.

    Petalonamae

    GenusSpeciesNotesImages
    Swartpuntia
    • Swartpuntia sp.
    Sessile frondose organism, although assignment has been questioned based on the possibility that known specimens could be referred to other known Cambrian frondose organisms.

    ''incertae sedis''

    GenusSpeciesNotesImages
    OnuphionellaO. claytonensisTubular fossil.
    SalterellaSalterella sp.Tubular salterellid fossil.
    WestgardiaW. giganteaValve-shaped fossil. Noted to be a mold of the shell, and poor preservation hinders taxonomic placement, although general morphology suggests it to be a mollusc.

    Flora

    GenusSpeciesNotesImages
    Cyanobacteria
    • ???
    Calcareous cyanobacteria.
    RenalcisRenalcis sp.Cyanophyte cyanobacteria.

    Ichnogenera

    GenusSpeciesNotesImages
    Cruziana
    • Cruziana sp.
    Trails.
    Planolites
  • Planolites sp.
  • Burrows.
    Scolicia
  • Scolicia sp.
  • Burrows.
    Rusophycus
  • Rusophycus sp.
  • Resting trace of trilobites.
    Bergaueria
  • Bergaueria sp.
  • Resting trace of cnidarians.
    Laevicyclus
  • Laevicyclus sp.
  • Traces.
    Psammichnites
  • Psammichnites sp.
  • Burrows.
    Monocraterion
  • Monocraterion sp.
  • Burrows.
    Skolithos
  • Skolithos sp.
  • Burrows.