Tmarus
Tmarus is a genus of crab spiders in the family Thomisidae. The genus was established by Eugène Simon in 1875, with Tmarus piger as the type species.
The genus includes more than 230 described species distributed across all continents except Antarctica.
Taxonomy
The genus Tmarus has undergone several taxonomic revisions. The generic name Martus Mello-Leitão, 1943 was considered a nomen nudum and synonymized with Tmarus. Additionally, Peritraeus Simon, 1895 was found to be a junior synonym of Tmarus.Description
Tmarus spiders are small to moderate-sized crab spiders with body lengths ranging from 3.7 to 7.3 millimeters. Females are typically larger than males, with males being slightly smaller in size. The spiders display cryptic coloration ranging from cream to dull grey, often mottled with cream, brown or black patterns that resemble bark, providing excellent camouflage.The cephalothorax is as wide as long and rather convex, declining abruptly towards the posterior border. The clypeus is porrect, and the ocular area is well elevated. The lateral eyes are situated on well-defined tubercles, with both eye rows appearing almost straight or only slightly recurved. The lateral eyes are larger than the median eyes, while the anterior median eyes are the smallest.
The opisthosoma often features a posterior tubercle dorsally, though some species may have an elongated body form. The abdomen is clothed with numerous short, stiff setae, which are sometimes situated on small tubercles. The legs are spinous, with legs I and II being almost the same length and longer than legs III and IV. In Tmarus species, the posterior median eyes are situated nearer to each other than to the posterior lateral eyes, which distinguishes them from the closely related genus Monaeses.
Distribution and habitat
Tmarus species are found worldwide, with the highest diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. They typically inhabit vegetation, where they hunt by ambush rather than building webs. Many species are found on bark or leaves, where their cryptic coloration provides camouflage.Species
, this genus includes 230 species and two subspecies.These species have articles on Wikipedia:Tmarus africanus Lessert, 1919 – Tanzania, Botswana, South AfricaTmarus angulatus – North AmericaTmarus cameliformis Millot, 1942 – Ghana, Guinea, DR Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Botswana, South Africa, EswatiniTmarus cancellatus Thorell, 1899 – Ivory Coast, Gabon, Nigeria, Cameroon, Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Zimbabwe, South AfricaTmarus comellinii Garcia-Neto, 1989 – Congo to South AfricaTmarus floridensis Keyserling, 1884 – United StatesTmarus foliatus Lessert, 1928 – Senegal, Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Burundi, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho, ComorosTmarus guineensis Millot, 1942 – Guinea, South AfricaTmarus hystrix – India, Sri LankaTmarus longicaudatus Millot, 1942 – Mauritania, Niger, Namibia, South Africa, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, United Arab EmiratesTmarus minutus Banks, 1904 – United StatesTmarus natalensis Lessert, 1925 – South AfricaTmarus piger – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Korea, Japan Tmarus planetarius Simon, 1903 – Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, DR Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South AfricaTmarus aberrans Mello-Leitão, 1944 – BrazilTmarus aculeatus Chickering, 1950 – PanamaTmarus africanus Lessert, 1919 – Tanzania, Botswana, South AfricaTmarus albidus – Australia Tmarus albifrons Piza, 1944 – BrazilTmarus albisterni Mello-Leitão, 1942 – ArgentinaTmarus albolineatus Keyserling, 1880 – BrazilTmarus alticola Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus amazonicus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus ampullatus Soares, 1943 – BrazilTmarus angulatus – North AmericaTmarus angulifer Simon, 1895 – Australia Tmarus aporus Soares & Camargo, 1948 – BrazilTmarus atypicus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus australis Mello-Leitão, 1941 – ArgentinaTmarus baptistai Silva-Moreira, 2010 – BrazilTmarus bedoti Lessert, 1928 – DR CongoTmarus berlandi Lessert, 1928 – DR CongoTmarus bifasciatus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – Peru, BrazilTmarus bifidipalpus Mello-Leitão, 1943 – BrazilTmarus biocellatus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus bisectus Piza, 1944 – BrazilTmarus borgmeyeri Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus bucculentus Chickering, 1950 – PanamaTmarus byssinus Tang & Li, 2009 – ChinaTmarus caeruleus Keyserling, 1880 – BrazilTmarus cameliformis Millot, 1942 – Ghana, Guinea, DR Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Botswana, South Africa, EswatiniTmarus camellinus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus cancellatus Thorell, 1899 – Ivory Coast, Gabon, Nigeria, Cameroon, Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Zimbabwe, South Africa
- * T. c. congoensis Comellini, 1955 – DR CongoTmarus candefactus Caporiacco, 1954 – French GuianaTmarus candidissimus Mello-Leitão, 1947 – BrazilTmarus caporiaccoi Comellini, 1955 – DR CongoTmarus caretta Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus caxambuensis Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus cinerasceus – Australia Tmarus cinereus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – Brazil, GuyanaTmarus circinalis Song & Chai, 1990 – ChinaTmarus clarus – BrazilTmarus clavimanus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus clavipes Keyserling, 1891 – BrazilTmarus cognatus Chickering, 1950 – PanamaTmarus comellinii Garcia-Neto, 1989 – Congo to South AfricaTmarus contortus Chickering, 1950 – PanamaTmarus corruptus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892 – Mexico, PanamaTmarus craneae Chickering, 1966 – TrinidadTmarus cretatus Chickering, 1965 – PanamaTmarus curvus Chickering, 1950 – PanamaTmarus decens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892 – PanamaTmarus decoloratus Keyserling, 1883 – PeruTmarus decorus Chickering, 1965 – PanamaTmarus dejectus – IndiaTmarus digitatus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus digitiformis Yang, Zhu & Song, 2005 – ChinaTmarus dostinikus Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – PhilippinesTmarus ehecatltocatl Jiménez, 1992 – MexicoTmarus elongatus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus eques Thorell, 1890 – Indonesia Tmarus espiritosantensis B. A. M. Soares & H. E. M. Soares, 1946 – BrazilTmarus estylifer Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus fallax Mello-Leitão, 1929 – Brazil, GuyanaTmarus fanjing Yang & Yu, 2022 – ChinaTmarus farri Chickering, 1966 – JamaicaTmarus fasciolatus Simon, 1906 – IndiaTmarus femellus Caporiacco, 1941 – EthiopiaTmarus floridensis Keyserling, 1884 – United StatesTmarus foliatus Lessert, 1928 – Senegal, Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Burundi, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho, ComorosTmarus formosus Mello-Leitão, 1917 – BrazilTmarus gajdosi Marusik & Logunov, 2002 – MongoliaTmarus galapagosensis Baert, 2013 – GalapagosTmarus geayi Caporiacco, 1954 – French GuianaTmarus gladiatus Tang & Li, 2010 – ChinaTmarus grandis Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus guineensis Millot, 1942 – Guinea, South AfricaTmarus hastatus Tang & Li, 2009 – ChinaTmarus hazevensis Levy, 1973 – IsraelTmarus hirsutus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus histrix Caporiacco, 1954 – French GuianaTmarus hiyarensis Ileperuma Arachchi & Benjamin, 2019 – Sri LankaTmarus holmbergi Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1941 – ArgentinaTmarus homanni Chrysanthus, 1964 – Indonesia Tmarus humphreyi Chickering, 1965 – PanamaTmarus hystrix – India, Sri LankaTmarus impedus Chickering, 1965 – PanamaTmarus incertus Keyserling, 1880 – ColombiaTmarus incognitus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus ineptus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892 – Panama, Colombia, BonaireTmarus infrasigillatus Mello-Leitão, 1947 – BrazilTmarus innotus Chickering, 1965 – PanamaTmarus innumus Chickering, 1965 – PanamaTmarus insuetus Chickering, 1966 – TrinidadTmarus intentus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892 – Guatemala, PanamaTmarus interritus Keyserling, 1880 – Panama, BrazilTmarus jabalpurensis Gajbe & Gajbe, 1999 – IndiaTmarus jelskii – French GuianaTmarus jocosus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 – Costa RicaTmarus karolae Jézéquel, 1964 – Ivory CoastTmarus komi Ono, 1996 – Japan Tmarus koreanus Paik, 1973 – China, KoreaTmarus kotigeharus Tikader, 1963 – IndiaTmarus lanyu Zhang, Zhu & Tso, 2006 – TaiwanTmarus lapadui Jézéquel, 1964 – Ivory CoastTmarus latifrons Thorell, 1895 – Myanmar, Indonesia Tmarus lawrencei Comellini, 1955 – DR CongoTmarus levii Chickering, 1965 – PanamaTmarus lichenoides Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus littoralis Keyserling, 1880 – BrazilTmarus locketi Millot, 1942 – Guinea, DR Congo
- * T. l. djuguensis Comellini, 1955 – DR CongoTmarus longicaudatus Millot, 1942 – Mauritania, Niger, Namibia, South Africa, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, United Arab EmiratesTmarus longipes Caporiacco, 1947 – TanzaniaTmarus longqicus Song & Zhu, 1993 – ChinaTmarus longus Chickering, 1965 – PanamaTmarus loriae Thorell, 1890 – MalaysiaTmarus macilentus – Australia Tmarus maculosus Keyserling, 1880 – ColombiaTmarus makiharai Ono, 1988 – Japan Tmarus malleti Lessert, 1919 – Guinea, DR Congo, TanzaniaTmarus manojkaushalyai Ileperuma Arachchi & Benjamin, 2019 – Sri LankaTmarus marmoreus – Australia Tmarus menglae Song & Zhao, 1994 – ChinaTmarus menotus Chickering, 1966 – JamaicaTmarus metropolitanus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus milloti Comellini, 1955 – Cameroon, DR CongoTmarus minensis Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus minutus Banks, 1904 – United StatesTmarus misumenoides Mello-Leitão, 1927 – BrazilTmarus montericensis Keyserling, 1880 – PeruTmarus morosus Chickering, 1950 – Panama, ColombiaTmarus mourei Mello-Leitão, 1947 – BrazilTmarus mundulus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892 – PanamaTmarus mutabilis Soares, 1944 – BrazilTmarus natalensis Lessert, 1925 – South AfricaTmarus neocaledonicus Kritscher, 1966 – New CaledoniaTmarus nigrescens Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus nigridorsi Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus nigristernus Caporiacco, 1947 – UgandaTmarus nigrofasciatus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus nigroviridis Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus ningshaanensis Wang & Xi, 1998 – ChinaTmarus obesus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – Brazil, French GuianaTmarus oblectator Logunov, 1992 – Russia Tmarus obsecus Chickering, 1965 – PanamaTmarus okinawanus Tanikawa, 2024 – Japan Tmarus orientalis Schenkel, 1963 – China, KoreaTmarus pallidus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus parallelus Mello-Leitão, 1943 – BrazilTmarus parki Chickering, 1950 – PanamaTmarus paulensis Piza, 1935 – BrazilTmarus pauper O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892 – PanamaTmarus perditus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus peregrinus Chickering, 1950 – PanamaTmarus peruvianus Berland, 1913 – PeruTmarus piger – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Korea, Japan Tmarus piochardi – Mediterranean, Turkey, Georgia, IranTmarus pizai Soares, 1941 – BrazilTmarus planetarius Simon, 1903 – Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, DR Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South AfricaTmarus planifrons Mello-Leitão, 1943 – BrazilTmarus planquettei Jézéquel, 1966 – Ivory CoastTmarus pleuronotatus Mello-Leitão, 1941 – BrazilTmarus plurituberculatus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus polyandrus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus posticatus Simon, 1929 – BrazilTmarus primitivus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus probus Chickering, 1950 – PanamaTmarus productus Chickering, 1950 – PanamaTmarus prognathus Simon, 1929 – BrazilTmarus projectus – Australia Tmarus protobius Chickering, 1965 – PanamaTmarus pugnax Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus pulchripes Thorell, 1895 – SingaporeTmarus punctatissimus – Portugal, Spain, France, Caucasus, Russia, Iran, Turkmenistan, Korea, JapanTmarus punctatus – ChileTmarus qinlingensis Song & Wang, 1994 – ChinaTmarus rainbowi Mello-Leitão, 1929 – Australia Tmarus rarus B. A. M. Soares & H. E. M. Soares, 1946 – BrazilTmarus riccii Caporiacco, 1941 – EthiopiaTmarus rimosus Paik, 1973 – Russia, China, Korea, JapanTmarus rostratus Y. C. Zhou, Qin, G. C. Zhou, Peng & Liu, 2025 – ChinaTmarus rubinus Chickering, 1965 – PanamaTmarus rubromaculatus Keyserling, 1880 – United StatesTmarus salai Schick, 1965 – United StatesTmarus schoutedeni Comellini, 1955 – DR CongoTmarus scopullitus Liu & Zhang, 2025 – ChinaTmarus semiroseus Simon, 1909 – VietnamTmarus separatus Banks, 1898 – PanamaTmarus serratus Yang, Zhu & Song, 2005 – ChinaTmarus shimojanai Ono, 1997 – Japan Tmarus sigillatus Chickering, 1950 – PanamaTmarus simoni Comellini, 1955 – Sierra LeoneTmarus songi Han & Zhu, 2009 – ChinaTmarus soricinus Simon, 1906 – IndiaTmarus spicatus Tang & Li, 2009 – ChinaTmarus spinosus Comellini, 1955 – DR CongoTmarus staintoni – Spain, France, Italy, Morocco, AlgeriaTmarus stellio Simon, 1875 – Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, IranTmarus stolzmanni Keyserling, 1880 – PeruTmarus striolatus Mello-Leitão, 1943 – BrazilTmarus studiosus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892 – PanamaTmarus subqinlingensis R. Zhang & F. Zhang, 2023 – ChinaTmarus taibaiensis Song & Wang, 1994 – ChinaTmarus taishanensis Zhu & Wen, 1981 – Russia, ChinaTmarus taiwanus Ono, 1977 – China, TaiwanTmarus tamazolinus Jiménez, 1988 – MexicoTmarus thorelli Comellini, 1955 – DR CongoTmarus tinctus Keyserling, 1880 – PeruTmarus tonkinus Simon, 1909 – VietnamTmarus toschii Caporiacco, 1949 – KenyaTmarus trifidus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus trituberculatus Mello-Leitão, 1929 – BrazilTmarus truncatus – Australia Tmarus tuberculitibiis Caporiacco, 1940 – EthiopiaTmarus undatus Tang & Li, 2009 – ChinaTmarus ungulatus Chen, Liu & Hu, 2025 – ChinaTmarus unicus Gertsch, 1936 – United StatesTmarus vachoni Millot, 1942 – Ivory CoastTmarus variabilis – Australia Tmarus variatus Keyserling, 1891 – BrazilTmarus verrucosus Mello-Leitão, 1948 – GuyanaTmarus vertumus Chickering, 1966 – Puerto RicoTmarus vexillifer – Mauritius Tmarus villasboasi Mello-Leitão, 1949 – BrazilTmarus viridis Keyserling, 1880 – Peru, BrazilTmarus viridomaculatus Ileperuma Arachchi & Benjamin, 2019 – Sri LankaTmarus vitusus Chickering, 1965 – Mexico, PanamaTmarus wiedenmeyeri Schenkel, 1953 – VenezuelaTmarus yaginumai Ono, 1977 – Korea, JapanTmarus yani Yin, Peng, Gong & Kim, 2004 – ChinaTmarus yerohamus Levy, 1973 – IsraelTmarus yiminhensis Zhu & Wen, 1981 – ChinaTmarus yueluensis Y. C. Zhou, Qin, G. C. Zhou, Peng & Liu, 2025 – ChinaTmarus zhui Sherwood & Li, 2021 – China