Demographics of England

The demographics of England have been measured by the decennial national census since 1801, and are marked by centuries of population growth and urbanization. Due to the lack of authoritative contemporary sources, estimates of the population of England for dates prior to the first census in 1801 vary considerably. The population of England at the 2021 census was about 56,489,800.

Population

The population of England in 2021 was estimated to be 56,489,800. This is the most recent census. In the previous census, in 2011, the population was 53,012,456.
Data for the 2021 census:

Female: 28,833,712
Male: 27,656,336
Total population: 56,489,800
Total Fertility Rate: 1.61

Historical population

Domesday Population

Russell states that the fundamental demographic categories of the Domesday Survey in 1086 were broadly similar to that of the Poll Tax Survey of 1377. These were:

There was a recorded 740 monks, 200 nuns and 4500 secular clergy in 1086. The counties of Cheshire, Cumberland, Durham, Lancashire, Northumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire all had different boundaries to their modern namesakes and had uncharacteristically low populations due to the Harrying of the North.

County	Landed group	Burghal group	Total
Bedfordshire	13,562	420	13,982
Berkshire	22,082	2,558	24,640
Buckinghamshire	18,879	560	19,439
Cambridgeshire	18,098	1,960	20,058
Cornwall	19,033		19,033
Derbyshire	9,982	490	10,472
Devon	60,095	2,562	62,657
Dorset	26,736	3,152	29,888
Essex	53,991	2,082	56,073
Gloucestershire	28,749	5,138	33,877
Hampshire	35,312	7,032	42,344
Herefordshire	18,543	1,991	20,534
Hertfordshire	14,388	1,558	15,946
Huntingdonshire	8,998	1,316	10,314
Kent	40,348	8,238	48,586
Leicestershire	23,320	1,278	24,598
Lincolnshire	83,384	6,957	90,341
Middlesex	7,833	17,850	25,683
Norfolk	87,437	8,001	95,438
Northamptonshire	29,008	1,032	30,040
Nottinghamshire	19,040	1,190	20,230
Oxfordshire	23,706	1,431	25,137
Rutland	2,992		2,992
Shropshire	17,056-	922	17,978
Somerset	46,473	3,811	50,284
Staffordshire	10,874	746	11,620
Suffolk	68,870	4,248	73,118
Surrey	14,728	1,197	15,925
Sussex	35,490	7,133	42,623
Warwickshire	22,631	1,284	23,915
Wiltshire	34,489	6,416	40,905
Worcestershire	15,449	1,550	16,999
Cheshire	4,038	2,142	6,180
Cumberland	5,971		5,971
Durham	3,983	1,000	4,983
Lancashire	7,385		7,385
Northumberland	7,927		7,927
Westmorland	3,098		3,098
Yorkshire	23,827	4,726	28,553
Total	987,805	111,971	1,099,766

Russell therefore calculates a total English population in 1086 as 1,105,216 including burgesses, landowners and clergy. To this he adds estimates of Wales, Ireland and Scotland for a total British Isles population of roughly 1,720,000.

Vital statistics

This is UK wide information.

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate	Crude death rate	Natural change	Fertility rates
1940		567,710	545,952	21,758	14.1	13.6	0.5
1941		539,205	499,343	39,862	13.9	12.9	1.0
1942		608,373	448,777	159,596	15.6	11.5	4.1
1943		641,064	469,916	171,148	16.2	11.9	4.3
1944		704,748	461,189	243,559	17.7	11.6	6.1
1945		638,422	456,216	182,206	15.9	11.4	4.5
1946		773,153	460,543	312,610	19.2	11.4	7.8
1947		829,863	484,324	345,539	20.5	12.0	8.5
1948		728,131	439,803	288,328	17.9	10.8	7.1
1949		686,181	478,627	207,554	16.8	11.7	5.1
1950		654,321	477,006	177,315	15.5	11.3	4.2
1951	41,164,356	636,259	513,375	122,884	15.5	12.5	3.0
1952		632,347	466,479	165,858	15.3	11.3	4.0
1953		642,844	472,137	170,707	15.5	11.3	4.2
1954		633,395	469,074	164,321	15.2	11.3	3.9
1955		628,935	484,926	144,009	15.0	11.7	3.3
1956		659,420	488,893	170,527	15.7	11.7	4.0
1957		681,736	482,174	199,562	16.1	11.5	4.6
1958		698,255	494,201	204,054	16.4	11.7	4.7
1959		706,239	495,517	210,722	16.5	11.6	4.9
1960		740,858	493,553	247,305	17.1	11.5	5.6
1961	43,460,525	766,358	518,047	248,311	17.6	11.9	5.7
1962		793,354	523,855	269,499	18.0	12.0	6.0
1963		807,017	538,105	268,912	18.2	12.2	6.0
1964		828,470	501,991	326,479	18.5	11.3	7.2
1965		816,433	516,317	300,116	18.1	11.5	6.6
1966		804,957	528,981	275,976	17.7	11.8	5.9
1967		788,458	509,356	279,102	17.2	11.2	6.0
1968		775,065	541,862	233,203	16.9	11.9	5.0
1969		754,456	543,425	211,031	16.4	11.9	4.5
1970		741,999	540,196	201,803	16.0	11.6	4.4
1971	46,411,700	740,099	532,445	207,654	15.9	11.5	4.4
1972	46,572,000	685,485	554,251	131,234	14.7	11.9	2.8
1973	46,686,000	638,356	549,876	88,480	13.7	11.8	1.9
1974	46,682,000	603,153	547,980	55,173	12.9	11.7	1.2
1975	46,674,000	568,900	545,444	23,456	12.2	11.7	0.5
1976	46,659,000	550,383	560,317	−9,934	11.8	12.0	−0.2
1977	46,639,000	536,953	538,652	−1,699	11.5	11.5	−0.0
1978	46,638,000	562,589	547,685	14,904	12.1	11.7	0.4
1979	46,698,000	601,316	554,840	46,476	12.9	11.9	1.0
1980	46,787,000	618,371	544,349	74,022	13.2	11.6	1.6
1981	46,820,800	598,163	541,018	57,145	12.8	11.6	1.2
1982	46,777,000	589,711	544,984	44,727	12.6	11.7	0.9	1.76
1983	46,813,000	593,255	542,509	50,746	12.7	11.6	1.1	1.75
1984	46,912,000	600,573	531,314	69,259	12.8	11.3	1.5	1.75
1985	47,057,000	619,301	553,153	66,148	13.2	11.8	1.4	1.78
1986	47,187,000	623,609	544,545	79,064	13.2	11.5	1.7	1.76
1987	47,300,000	643,330	531,150	112,180	13.6	11.2	2.4	1.80
1988	47,412,000	654,353	535,553	118,800	13.8	11.3	2.5	1.82
1989	47,552,000	649,357	539,804	109,553	13.7	11.4	2.3	1.79
1990	47,699,000	666,920	528,920	138,000	14.0	11.1	3.9	1.83
1991	47,875,000	660,806	533,980	126,826	13.8	11.2	2.6	1.81
1992	47,998,000	651,784	522,660	129,124	13.6	10.9	2.7	1.79
1993	48,102,000	636,473	540,904	95,569	13.2	11.2	2.0	1.76
1994	48,228,000	628,956	516,297	112,659	13.0	10.7	2.3	1.75
1995	48,383,000	613,257	529,038	84,219	12.7	10.9	1.8	1.71
1996	48,519,000	614,184	526,650	87,534	12.7	10.9	1.8	1.73
1997	48,664,000	608,202	521,598	86,604	12.5	10.7	1.8	1.73
1998	48,820,000	602,111	518,089	84,022	12.3	10.6	1.7	1.72
1999	49,032,000	589,468	517,119	72,349	12.0	10.5	1.5	1.69
2000	49,233,000	572,826	503,026	69,800	11.6	10.2	1.4	1.65
2001	49,449,000	563,744	497,878	65,866	11.4	10.1	1.3	1.63
2002	49,679,000	565,709	500,792	64,917	11.4	10.1	1.3	1.64
2003	49,925,000	589,851	504,127	85,724	11.8	10.1	1.7	1.72
2004	50,194,000	607,184	480,717	126,467	12.1	9.6	2.5	1.77
2005	50,606,000	613,028	479,678	133,350	12.1	9.5	2.6	1.77
2006	50,965,000	635,748	470,326	165,422	12.5	9.2	3.3	1.83
2007	51,381,000	655,357	470,721	184,636	12.8	9.2	3.6	1.88
2008	51,815,000	672,809	475,763	197,046	13.0	9.2	3.8	1.92
2009	52,196,000	671,058	459,241	211,817	12.9	8.8	4.1	1.91
2010	52,642,000	687,007	461,017	225,990	13.1	8.8	4.3	1.94
2011	53,107,000	688,120	452,862	235,258	13.0	8.5	4.5	1.93
2012	53,493,000	694,241	466,779	227,462	13.0	8.7	4.3	1.94
2013	53,865,000	664,517	473,552	190,965	12.3	8.8	3.5	1.85
2014	54,316,000	661,496	468,875	192,621	12.2	8.6	3.6	1.83
2015	54,786,000	664,399	495,309	169,090	12.1	9.0	3.1	1.82
2016	55,268,000	663,157	490,454	172,703	12.0	8.9	3.1	1.81
2017	55,619,000	646,794	498,882	147,912	11.6	9.0	2.6	1.76
2018	55,977,000	625,651	505,859	119,792	11.2	9.0	2.2	1.70
2019	56,287,000	610,505	488,952	121,553	10.8	8.7	2.1	1.66
2020	56,550,000	585,195	569,700	15,495	10.3	10.1	0.3	1.59
2021	56,489,800	595,948	549,207	46,741	10.5	9.7	0.8	1.56
2022	57,106,398	577,046	540,333	36,713	10.2	9.5	0.7	1.49
2023	57,910,000	563,561	544,032	19,529	9.8	9.4	0.4	1.44
2024	58,560,000	567,708	531,953	35,755	9.7	9.1	0.6	1.42
2025			534,048

= Census results.
In 2024, 34.7% of live births were to mothers born outside the UK and for 40.4% of live births, one or both parents were born outside of the UK.

Current vital statistics

The number of registered births and deaths correspond to England and Wales, since the Office for National Statistics provides provisional monthly birth data without distinguishing both countries.

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January—September 2024	426,622	424,715	+1,907
January—September 2025	419,290	426,804	−7,514
Difference	−7,332	+2,089	−9,421

Historical per cent distribution of the total population by age

Ages	1901	1931	1951	1961
0–14 years	32	24	22	23
15–64 years	63	69	67	65
65 years and over	5	7	11	12
Total	100	100	100	100

Country of birth

Country of birth given by respondents in the corresponding UK censuses were as follows:
Below are the estimates of the largest foreign-born groups in England according to ONS estimates.

Country of birth

2013

2014

2015

2018

Indiants|698000 nts|748000 nts|751000 nts|832000

Age

The data below is based on the 2011 census. In 2001, the mean age of England's population was 38.60, and the median age was 37.00. In 2022, the median age was 40.5.

Ethnicity

'''Notes for table above'''

Ethnicity of school pupils

The ethnicity of school pupils in England has been changing since the figures started to be collected in 2002, White British students proportionally have been in decline compared to other groups who have risen.
school year of 2021/2022">
File:White total school children within England.svg|White: 71.4%
File:White British school children within England.svg|White British: 63.9%

Languages

The most common main languages spoken in England according to the 2011 census are shown below.

Rank	Language	Usual residents aged 3+	Proportion
1	English	46,936,780	92.02%
2	Polish	529,173	1.04%
3	Punjabi	271,580	0.53%
4	Urdu	266,330	0.52%
5	Bengali	216,196	0.42%
6	Gujarati	212,217	0.42%
7	Arabic	152,490	0.30%
8	French	145,026	0.28%
9	Portuguese	131,002	0.26%
10	Spanish	118,554	0.23%
11	Tamil	99,773	0.20%
12	Turkish	98,083	0.19%
13	Italian	90,547	0.18%
14	Somali	84,387	0.17%
15	Lithuanian	84,327	0.17%
16	German	75,190	0.15%
17	Persian/Farsi	75,179	0.15%
18	Tagalog/Filipino	67,593	0.13%
19	Romanian	66,496	0.13%
20	Russian	66,271	0.13%
–	Welsh	8,248	0.02%
–	Cornish	554	0.00%
–	Other	1,209,614	2.37%
	Total population	51,005,610	100.00%

Religion

Respondents to the 2001, 2011 and 2021 censuses gave their religions as follows: