1643

January–March

• January 21 - Abel Tasman sights the island of Tonga.
• February 6
• * In India, the first ceremony at the nearly-complete Taj Mahal in Agra, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan observes the 12th anniversary of the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and opens the structure to thousands of mourners.
• *Abel Tasman sights the Fiji Islands.
• March 13 - First English Civil War: First Battle of Middlewich - Roundheads rout the Cavaliers at Middlewich in Cheshire.
• March 18 - Irish Confederate Wars: Battle of New Ross - English troops defeat those of Confederate Ireland.

April–June

• April 1 - Åmål, Sweden, is granted its city charter.
• April 28 - Francisco de Lucena, former Portuguese Secretary of State, is beheaded after being convicted of treason.
• May 14 - Louis XIV succeeds his father Louis XIII as King of France at age 4. His rule will last until his death at age 76 in 1715, a total of 72 years, which will be the longest reign of any European monarch in recorded history.
• May 19
• * Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rocroi: The French defeat the Spanish at Rocroi in France.
• * The New England Confederation is formed as a military alliance between Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Saybrook Colony, and New Haven Colony.
• May 20 - Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch fleet is spotted off Carelmapu in Chile, soon afterwards landing nearby and plundering the fort and village.
• June 30 - First English Civil War: Battle of Adwalton Moor - Royalists gain control of Yorkshire.

July–September

• July 1 - The Westminster Assembly of theologians and parliamentarians is convened at Westminster Abbey with the aim of restructuring the Church of England.
• July 5 - First English Civil War: Battle of Lansdowne - Royalists gain a pyrrhic victory over the Parliamentarians near Bath, Somerset.
• July 13 - First English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down - Henry Wilmot, newly created Baron Wilmot, commanding Royalist cavalry, wins a crushing victory over Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.
• August 24 - Dutch expedition to Valdivia: A Dutch fleet establishes a new colony in the ruins of Valdivia in southern Chile.
• September 6 - Battle of Mongiovino: The forces of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, led by Mattias de' Medici, defeated the Papal forces commanded by Taddeo Barberini.
• September 20 - First English Civil War: First Battle of Newbury - A strategic Parliamentarian victory is made over Royalist forces who are led personally by King Charles.

October–December

• October 8 - The Shunzhi Emperor of China is crowned at five years old, 17 days after the death of his father and the decision of the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers.
• October 28 - Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch end their occupation of Valdivia in Chile.
• November 14 - Empress Meishō abdicates and Emperor Go-Kōmyō accedes to the throne of Japan.
• November 24 - Thirty Years' War: Battle of Tuttlingen - France is defeated by forces of the Holy Roman Empire.
• December 12 - Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson's forces enter Danish territory in Holstein, beginning the Torstenson War.
• December 13 - First English Civil War: At the Battle of Alton in Hampshire, the Parliamentarians defeat the Royalists.
• December 25 - Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean is sighted and named by Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company ship Royal Mary.
• December 28 - Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The failed Dutch expedition arrives back at Recife in Dutch Brazil.

Date unknown

• Baden-Baden is pillaged by the French.
• An Calbhach mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, The Ó Conchubhair Donn, Chief of the Name of the Clan Ó Conchubhair, is popularly inaugurated as the last King of Connacht in Ireland.
• Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer.
• Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, places the first Mount Royal Cross atop Mount Royal above Montreal.
• Jean Bolland publishes the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum. This is the beginning of the Bollandists' work.
• Miyamoto Musashi begins to dictate The Book of Five Rings to his student; he will complete it in 1654, just before his death.
• Roger Williams, co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key into the Language of America.
• The first professional book publisher to use printing press in Norway is established in Oslo.

Births

January–March

• January 2 - Eleonora d'Este, Italian princess, later nun
• January 4 - Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist
• January 7 - Sir Samuel Grimston, 3rd Baronet, English politician
• January 9 - Eleonoro Pacello, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Pula
• January 13 - Axel Wachtmeister, Count of Mälsåker, Swedish field marshal
• January 25 - John Hayes, English politician
• January 24 - Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier
• January 30 - Sir Francis Blundell, 3rd Baronet, Irish politician
• February 6
• * Charles Fanshawe, 4th Viscount Fanshawe, English politician
• * Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg, Prussian politician
• February 15 - García Felipe de Legazpi y Velasco Altamirano y Albornoz, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tlaxcala
• February 25
• * Sultan Ahmed II of the Ottoman Empire
• * Christian Franz Paullini, German physician
• March 4 - Fran Krsto Frankopan, Croatian baroque poet, nobleman and politician
• March 6 - Pierre de Langle, French bishop and theologian
• March 8 - Nabeshima Naoyuki, Japanese daimyō
• March 17 - Fabrizio Spada, Italian Catholic cardinal
• March 23 - Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, Spanish Dominican lay sister and mystic
• March 25 - Louis Moréri, French priest and encyclopaedist
• March 28 - Anthony Dopping, Anglican Bishop of Meath
• March 29 - Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain

April–June

• April 3 - Charles V, Duke of Lorraine
• April 6 - Nehemiah Jewett, American colonial politician
• April 30 - Johann Oswald Harms, German Baroque painter
• May 3 - Georg Franck von Franckenau, German botanist
• May 7 - Stephanus Van Cortlandt, first native-born mayor of New York City
• May 8 - George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach
• May 9 - Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Earl of Bellomont, Dutch-born Irish peer
• May 10 - Gabriel Revel, French painter
• May 29 - Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Scottish peer and the son of John Lyon

July–September

• July 3 - Johann Ernst von Thun, Tyrolean Catholic bishop
• July 26 - Burchard de Volder, Dutch mathematician
• July 28 - Antonio Tarsia, Italian composer
• July 29 - Henri Jules, Prince of Condé
• August 3 - Charles de la Rue, French Jesuit, Latin poet
• August 16 - Mumtaz Shikoh, Mughal Empire emperor
• August 18 - William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode
• August 21 - King Afonso VI of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves
• August 26 - Cardinal de Bouillon, French Catholic cardinal
• September 3 - Lorenzo Bellini, Italian physician, anatomist
• September 5 - Sir William Portman, 6th Baronet, English politician
• September 6 - François-Joseph de Beaupoil de Sainte-Aulaire, French poet
• September 14
• * Jeremiah Dummer, American silversmith
• * Joseph de Jouvancy, French historian
• September 17 - Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham, English peer
• September 18 - Gilbert Burnet, Scottish philosopher and historian
• September 27 - Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts
• September 30 - Samuel Hoadly, American-born English schoolmaster, writer of educational books

October–December

• October 5 - Zinat-un-Nissa, princess of the Mughal Empire
• October 14 - Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor of India
• October 25 - Georg Ludwig Agricola, German composer
• November 1 - John Strype, English historian and biographer
• November 4 - Asano Nagatomo, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Akō Domain
• November 16 - Jean Chardin, French jeweller, traveller
• November 22 - René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, French explorer
• November 23 - Eberhard von Danckelmann, Prussian politician
• December 24 - Israel Kolmodin, Swedish hymnwriter and priest
• December 28 - Salomon van Til, theologian of the Dutch Reformed Church

Date unknown

• Marie Grubbe, Danish countess
• Eva Krotoa, Khoi translator and interpreter
• Ilona Zrínyi, Hungarian heroine

Deaths

• January 14 - John Bois, English scholar
• January 20 - Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble
• February 11 - Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg
• February 15 - Countess Juliane of Nassau-Siegen, Landgravine of Hesse-kassel
• February 25 - Marco da Gagliano, Italian composer
• March 1
• * Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer
• * Rustam Khan, Georgian-Iranian soldier
• April 4 - Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian
• April 12
• * Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach
• * Nicolaus Hunnius, German theologian
• April 13 - Margherita Farnese, Benedictine nun
• April 20 - Christoph Demantius, German composer
• April 28
• * Francisco de Lucena, Portuguese Secretary of State
• * Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach
• May 14 - King Louis XIII of France
• July 12 - François Duquesnoy, Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome
• July 25 - Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, English statesman
• August - Anne Hutchinson, English Puritan preacher
• August 7 - Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble
• August 22
• * Philippe de Carteret II, son of Philippe de Carteret I
• * Johann Georg Wirsung, German anatomist
• September 15 - Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician
• September 20, at the Battle of Newbury:
• * Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland, English politician and writer
• * Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon
• * Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland
• September 21 - Emperor Hong Taiji of China
• October 2 - Jean Chalette, French painter
• October 29 - Brilliana, Lady Harley, English noble, letter writer and war heroine
• November 3
• * John Bainbridge, English astronomer
• * Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician
• * Sun Chuanting, Ming dynasty general
• November 14
• * Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon, English noble
• * George Aribert of Anhalt-Dessau, German nobleman
• November 15 - Tachibana Muneshige, Japanese samurai and soldier
• November 17 - Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant, Marshal of France
• November 29
• * William Cartwright, English dramatist
• * Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer
• December 8 - John Pym, English statesman
• December 10 - Herman Wrangel, Swedish soldier and politician
• December 11
• * Arthur Bell, English Franciscan martyr
• * Henry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland, English politician
• December 30 - Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art approx. date - Henry Glapthorne, English dramatist date unknown
• * Sophia Brahe, Danish astronomer and horticulturalist
• * María Pita, Spanish heroine